The New Crusade: Imperial U.S. vs Political Islam

 

Comments (20)

 

 

New

 

Identity vacuum

 

Posted, Sunday, December 27, 2009 12:30 pm

 

The article you posted is so fine; thank you.

There may be another reason that the U.S. seems to need one war after another from it's beginning. I think de Toqueville touched on it. Identity vacuum. The City on the Hill seemed to promise the possibility of a country that would resemble no other country, a new race of citizens unlike any others on earth, in short, exceptionalism.

One of the enculturating rules for new immigrants from as far back as I remember, never taught in any U.S. school or citizenship class, was to remove or change, deform out of recognition, the ''old'country, country of origin, identity. You can see an example of that in the millions of family names changed to fit the new homeland. I think that the baby of millions of people was thrown out with the bathwater, leaving a nation bereft of many things, not the least of which is integrety, cultural, moral, ethical, legal, institutional.

One of the most memorable residues of WWI and WWII seems to have been the solidarity the veterans had for the men they fought with, for the rest of their lives. One might argue that war for the United States is a vital bonding mechanism they otherwise do not have and so, desperately need?

Suzanne

_______________________

Answer by R.T.:

 

Indeed, exceptionalism and “Manifest Destiny” are not that far from “the chosen people” complex that some Jews have. I have written about that in my book “The New American Empire” and in some of my blogs. For example, see “The myth of Manifest Destiny, Take Two”, August 28, 2006  [http://www.thenewamericanempire.com/tremblay=1034.htm]

Of course, there are many other reasons why the United States has become a bellicose country since World War II. For example, I should have stressed the central role presently played by the Israel Lobby, [http://www.vdare.com/roberts/091228_israel.htm] in promoting the most recent American-led wars in the Middle East. That powerful lobby carries a tremendous influence not only in Congress, but also within the Obama's White House.

Keep in mind that before World War II, the United States was not a militarist country. In fact, in 1940, the U.S. Army stood only eighteenth in the world regarding the size of its army, trailing not only Germany, France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and China, but also Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.

[See No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II by Doris Kearns Goodwin, Oct 1, 1995].

 

 

New

 

The Qur'an quote

 

Posted, Sunday, November 27, 2009 09:57 am

 

In your article, there is this quote:

"Fight and kill the disbelievers wherever you find them, take them captive, harass them, lie in wait and ambush them using every stratagem of war." The Qur'an (9:5), Islam's holy book

I was about to send your article to a long list of mine, but I couldn't find the quote above. You mentioned 5:9. I found a similar quote at Qur'an 9:5, instead of 5:9, but it continued immediately in the same 9:5 "But if they repent, and establish regular prayers And practise regular charity, Then open the way for them: For God is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful."

My point: this is such an important quote, and should be accurate as to where to find it, and would be better to be more complete.

Sam

__________

Answer by R.T.:

Indeed, many readers have volonteered to complete the above quote.

It seems that the correct quote is:

"Fight and kill the disbelievers wherever you find them, take them captive, lie in wait and ambush them using every stratagem of war, but if they repent, establish regular prayers, and practice regular charity, then open the way for them, for God is oft-forgiving, Most Merciful." Qur'an (9:5)

In my original article, the reference is at 9:5, not 5:9.

This verse in the Qur'an is often called the “verse of the sword”. Even in its entirety, however, the quote is a terrible one, because it alludes to forced conversion under the threat of death.

In other so-called religious books, such as the Jewish Torah or the Christian Bible, there are passages similar to those found in the Qur'an. I do not pretend to know all the subtleties of Islam, or of any religion for that matter. But I think that it is the responsibility of those who promote such religions to be clear in the messages they convey. Otherwise, some weak minds could be forgiven for being confused as to their real meaning.

Expansionist ideologies, such as communism, fascism, colonialism, Christianism, Islamism and Zionism, are powerful seeds of war. The more so, it seems, when one relies on the exhortations of a so-called “holy” book. The first three ideologies nearly destroyed the Planet in the 20th century, while the last three threaten to do the same in the 21st century.

I talk more about that in my coming book: 

The Code for Global Ethics, Ten Humanist Principles

To preorder:

http://www.amazon.com/Code-Global-Ethics-Humanist-Principles/dp/1616141727/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1257383472&sr=1-4

 

New

 

How about the Balkans!

 

Posted, Sunday, December 27, 2009 09:52 am

 

I read with interest your fine article America's New Crusade: Imperial U.S. vs Political Islam. However, it appears to me that you made a glaring omission. You show a lengthy list of US wars (feeding USA's explanding military-industrial complex) but omitted mention of the Balkans. That is where USA chose to appease Islam and, in tandem with that, USA now has a huge miltary base in Kosovo, Camp Bondsteel.

Liz

Answer by R.T.:

Of course, mine was a short article. I did not include references to the Balkans or to Latin America and U.S. Gun Boat diplomacy for that matter. I hope, however, that the general message was clear.

 

New

 

This Article Should Go out to Every Newspaper in the Land

 

Posted, Sunday, December 27, 2009 06:52 am

 

Your message to America in your article “America's New Crusade: Imperial U.S. vs Political Islam”, should go out to every newspaper in the land. The implications are valid, the possibilities for good are enormous yet the refusal by the American public to take action is unfathomable.

I offer no insight as to the reasons; I can only track the senseless progress to self-destruction. Indeed, the senseless destruction of other peoples in other lands.

The only possibility for cessation or reversal of policy, in my opinion, is when the notice comes: America, your account has been closed because of "insufficient funds".

Sadly, the unbelievable advertising and manipulative power of the military-industrial complex is so great that it over-powers all that stand in its way.

I applaud your efforts to alert the country.

Charles

Answer by R. T.:

 

Indeed, since World War II, there seems to exist a mentality in the U.S. that the rest of the world should adapt to U.S. interests and that the U.S. has an unlimited right to intervene in the affairs of other nations. This is a very dangerous mentality indeed, and it could lead to disaster. As you stated, such a policy is geared to drive the U.S. toward over-extension and bankruptcy.

Western countries, and the U.S in particular, would do better to be more careful in their immigration policies and be less arrogant in their attempt to rule the world by force. I think this would be beneficial to all.

 

New

 

The Real Power Behind the Scenes

 

Posted, Sunday, December 27, 2009 01:36 am

 

Having read your article, it appears that you, like most of the U.S. populace, do not understand what goes on behind the scenes in the U.S. and probably globally which has its effects on the whole world, especially now that it is clear that the present "financial crisis" was cooked up by the cabal of finance, the U.S. Federal Reserve and their OWNERS in complete secrecy. Since the Fed is privately owned, and is only a quasi government associated entity, which is the real power behind the scenes, and is responsible for changing the nature of money into a completely fiat currency, unbacked by anything but counterfeit dollars as part of the Ponzi scheme which was intended to control the country, as the Rothchild banking cartel had learned to do a century previously, and which was instituted in 1913 under cover of night when all but the plotters of the Senate had gone home for Christmas. My Dad was a "runner" riding his bike to deliver the messages and packages of the big wigs on Wall Street at the time, so he was witness to the thickery. ...

With the paid compliance of the major media, who are given "talking points" the media does the bidding of the powers behind the scenes, who supply the money to elect their chosen ones, having arranged to back both a Republican and a Democrat  through the primaries that will be in place to do the bidding of the "wise ones". The end result is that it really doesn't matter who we vote for by the time elections roll around; both parties and their nominees are beholden to the powers behind the scenes. (Those so-called "think tanks", such as the Council on Foreign Relations, Trilateral Commission, and of course the Bilderbergers, who represent the bankers, lawyers, and transnational corporations and industrial cartels such as the Chamber of Commerce, through their lobbyists plus the "elite" super rich of the world.).

It is well recognized that the history of central banks boils down to the history of the world, from money changers of the Bible to Rothchild and the Bank of England to the Federal Reserve: He who controls the money and has the gold controls the world literally through the politics of each country. The problem we now have is that the bankers' history shows that they make money by financing wars. Thus we have a government that is controlled by the theoretically elected, but whose allegiance is determined by the "Modern Day Money changers" of the world, who are in  cahoots with the central bankers of the world.... The citizens of the United States have been so brainwashed for so long by our media and our so-called educational system, as instructed by their bosses, that the average citizen is too busy trying to make a living and live a decent life but has no time to really know what our politicians have done to us. There is nothing to this history of  the "US great super power" that is the beloved war cry of the politicos, but not of the people. ...

There is effectively nothing left of our constitution, to which every elected representative and our president swear allegiance, but by which they stomp on the very document and its directives given us by our founders, on a daily basis, as they thumb their noses at the citizens of this country. Just watch them: they will at the behest of the bankers dredge up WWIII, in order to save the owners of the world's central banks' assets, and to take over the losers assets, yet again!

Patricia

_______________

Answer by R. T.:

I agree with a lot of what you write. The U.S. Fed is a disgrace in the way it acts as a private government for big financial interests and as a creator of financial bubbles. And, I congratulate Rep. Ron Paul for asking for a public audit of the Fed's books.

 

New

 

The Distribution of Wealth

 

Posted, Saturday, December 26, 2009 11:46 pm

 

I read your piece "America's New Crusade: Imperial U.S. vs Political Islam", and it has added to my own research on how the distribution of wealth and the transfer of huge amounts of money to the banking cartels affects us all.

Tom

 

New

 

Women's Rights

 

Posted, Saturday, December 26, 2009 05:15 pm

 

How do you see the women situation in all this Bazar? The world's events are and will stay in a repetitive situation unless women get really on the board. Women's studies at the universities are rediculous and wasting time and money. I am not talking of women tokenism such as Madame Rice or even Hillary.

Victoria

Answer by R. T.:

Of course, my short piece did not raise this issue.

In my coming book “The Code for Global Ethics”, however, the question of human rights and the equality of sexes feature proeminently.

 

New

 

Terrific Article

 

Posted, Saturday, December 26, 2009 04:04 pm

 

Your latest article is terrific. Meets with my full approval.

Congratulations and thanks for speaking out.

Charlie

 

New

 

World War II in Europe

 

Posted, Saturday, December 26, 2009 03:54 pm

 

Your article is excellent. It is very timely and describes the role of the U.S.A. as the world's aggressor.

I have been interested in the subject of WWII in Europe from the time I was 11 years old and followed the progress of the war on a daily basis with my father. I would appreciate your comments about an article I prepared about WWII in Europe (enclosed).

Walter

 

New

 

Stuff that Brings Down Madmen and Empires

 

Posted, Saturday, December 26, 2009 02:40 pm

 

This type of behavior is what brings about the down fall of many madmen and empires. As I see it, America will never be the same. American foreign policy has made the world a dangerous place to live in. As a muslim, I resent it when people continue to label some groups as extremist. In that case what would you label the C.I.A., the Mossad and other western intel agencies? What about the atrocities committed by the U.S. and it's allies against these muslim countries? They are causing the suffering and deaths of thousands of people. Mostly innocent people.

I have read the N.S.P.D.51. The average American is clueless about these directives. One of the things that concerns me is these illegal immigrants invading the U.S. I see the tension between them and the American people. I think the U.S. is headed toward civil unrest. According to the international bill of human rights, every government is suppose to address the basic needs of their people; health, education and welfare. Mexico is not doing that. When I ask a Mexican why don't they stand up to that corrupt and racist government, they don't answer.

Rashaad

 

New

 

The Causes of War

 

Posted, Saturday, December 26, 2009 11:48 am

 

Thank you for this excellent and useful article. To my mind, your most useful passages were those inquiring into the causes of war, since I would like the U.S. to stop its continual pattern of attacking other peoples' countries.

There are of course many books, countless books on the causes of war.

Wikipedia had, in the past, an entire section on the causes of war but it was moved into "War" and then renamed "motivations for war". The material includes your theories,

and more.

We need first of all, a definition of exactly what sorts of war we oppose.

And if we do not, at the same time, understand very deeply in our own motivations, why we oppose such wars, we'll surely drop the inquiry and resume other, more enjoyable activities as almost every peace activist always has done in the past.   It's as if they are somehow drawn to the subject by some deep fear or cognitive dissonance, and without ever seizing control of the operation of the mind, allow it to mend itself by finding whatever rationalizations or theories put the mind to rest. Then, they disappear from the movement and resume the feeding of their appetites.

Besides the problem that peace activists almost always fail to define what kind of wars they object to, and why, there is another problem: we don't understand the nature of causality. What is a "cause", for such vast thing as war, reaching so far beyond our immediate perception, so far into the past, and covering such large areas of the planet?...

Todd

Answer by R. T.:

Judging from the large number of comments I have received, it seems this article has touched a nerve.

Questions of war and peace are very complex. A few years ago, I wrote an article for the magazine “The Humanist” about the “Just War Theory”, and found that G.W. Bush's war in Iraq did not meet any of the five principal criteria for a just war.

I agree with you that we should spell out exactly what sorts of war we oppose. In general, war is too serious an affair for having it trivialized as this seems to be the case presently in the U.S.

 

New

 

The Quote Again

 

Posted, Saturday, December 26, 2009 01:39 pm

 

It is disappointing that the desired effect of such a wonderful article should have been basically marginalized if not completely nullified by an incomplete quote from the Qur'an out of context, the purpose of which is to abrogate the merciful and loving verses of the Qur’an with an incomplete specific verse concerning battle. ...

First, we shall provide the verse in its context: 9:5-6

“But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, an seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful. If one amongst the Pagans ask thee for asylum, grant it to him, so that he may hear the word of Allah. and then escort him to where he can be secure. That is because they are men without knowledge.”...

Jay

______________

Answer by R. T:

By essence, a quotation is always taken out of context. But even in its complete form, the quote from the Qur'an is a terrible one. And it may explain why some terrorists could rely on the Qur'an to find inspiration for their acts.

 

New

 

Data to Confirm?

 

Posted, Saturday, December 26, 2009 1:35 pm

 

Thank you for taking the time to write and share your views with the world.

I have a data question, and a comment.

Concerning your passage "Just as for some aggressive Islamic countries, the U.S. is also the most religious of all first world countries. Researchers have found strong positive correlations between a nation's religious belief and high levels of domestic stress and anxiety, and other indicators of social dysfunction such as homicides, the proportion of people incarcerated, infant mortality, drug abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, teenage births and abortions, corruption, large income inequalities, economic and social insecurity...etc "

-I would like to know if you have data that confirms this? How "most religeous" is calculated, and how many countries were considered? Also, does this pattern also apply to 3rd world countries? If you have data table / graph of some kind, with source references, that would be most useful.

My comment is regarding your referrence to the "source" of US military-ism, stating that it comes from the military industrial complex. However you correctly state that this started many decades before the military was industrialized, with the native Americans and the British, African people. Therefore the military industrial complex can not be the source of the problem, but rather a symptom which aids the perpetuation of past (initial) colonialism.

 

Rather it is the context of a people's national-formation which sets the stage for further developments. If a nation is bred from war, and rewarded for conquest, it will add this meme to it's psychy (culture). This is how cultures evolve, for beter or for worse, and this is how the US one got to where it is today.

Sebastian

Answer by R. T.:

Many studies have documented that religion is an outlet for social stress and poverty, and may be a factor in retarding social progess. Overall, the richer and the more socially stable a society is, the less religious it is. On the other hand, the poorer and the more socially dysfunctional a country is, the more religious it is. For example, in the U.S., the poorest state (Mississippi) is also the most religious. The poorest continent and the least well organized (Africa) is also the most religious of all. [http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-12-21-south-bible-belt_N.htm]

By many measures, the U.S. can be considered a socially dysfunctional country in which the level of social stress is very high, even if the average GDP per capita is also high, according to primary indicators such as homicide, incarceration, juvenile mortality, lifespan, adolescent and all age gonorrhea and syphilis infections, adolescent abortion, adolescent births, youth and all age suicide, fertility, marriage, marriage duration, divorce, life satisfaction, alcohol consumption, corruption, income, income disparity, poverty, employment, work hours and resource exploitation base. (See Gregory Paul's paper "The Chronic Dependence of Popular Religiosity upon Dysfunctional Psychosociological Conditions" available online.http://www.epjournal.net/filestore/EP073984414.pdf) For example, there is no other country in the world, even compared to much more populous countries like China, that has so many inmates as does the U.S., (over 2 million).

Religiosity is usually calculated as the proportion of people attending church regularly and who say that religion is important in their lives. For example, in the U.S., there are about some 52 percent of very religious people. A highly religious group (34% of adult Americans) is composed of those who attend church at least once a week and for whom religion is important in their daily lives. Another religious group (18%) is made of people attending church almost every week or once a month and saying religion is important. [http://www.gallup.com/poll/124649/Religious-Intensity-Remains-Powerful-Predictor-Politics.aspx?]

This level of American religiosity is much higher than in Europe, Canada or Australia.

 

New

 

Oil as a Driving Force Behind U.S. Foreigh Policy

 

Posted, Saturday, November 26, 2009 03:40 pm

 

I agree with your analysis. The only thing I would add is that isn't it the case that oil access for the US and especially the EU is the driving force behind the maintainance of the MIC. Therefore in their minds it is a rational process to have permanent preemptive war.

That's why one of the neo-cons made the comment 8 yrs. ago that future generations would thank us for their war initiative assumedly to procure M.E. oil access.  Most Americans  agree with this policy.

Once you create an oil dependent car culture this is the outcome for foreign policy.

Answer by R. T.:

Oil access is certainly an important driving force of U.S. foreign policy. However, it is not certain that a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis would not reveal that this approach is net negative. The costs of permanent war are very high indeed, and long lasting, while the benefits are short and medium term in nature. Such a policy is geared to drive the U.S. toward bankruptcy.

Moreover, the heavy dependence on oil as the main source of car energy should be over twenty years from now when hydrogen will take the place of oil and electricity.

 

New

 

Does Islam promote violence?

 

Posted, Friday, December 25, 2009 06:26 pm

 

You quoted the quranic verse (9:5) out of context. Please read through it.

"Does Islam promote violence?

A few selected verses from the Qur’an are often misquoted to perpetuate the myth that Islam promotes violence, and exhorts its followers to kill those outside the pale of Islam.

1. Verse from Surah Taubah

The following verse from Surah Taubah is very often quoted by critics of Islam, to show that Islam promotes violence, bloodshed and brutality:

"Kill the mushriqeen (pagans, polytheists, kuffar) where ever you find them." [Al-Qur’an 9:5]

2. Context of verse is during battlefield

Critics of Islam actually quote this verse out of context. In order to understand the context, we need to read from verse 1 of this surah. It says that there was a peace treaty between the Muslims and the Mushriqs (pagans) of Makkah. This treaty was violated by the Mushriqs of Makkah. A period of four months was given to the Mushriqs of Makkah to make amends. Otherwise war would be declared against them. Verse 5 of Surah Taubah says:

"But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practise regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is oft-forgiving, Most merciful." [Al-Qur’an 9:5]

This verse is quoted during a battle.

3. Example of war between America and Vietnam

We know that America was once at war with Vietnam. Suppose the President of America or the General of the American Army told the American soldiers during the war: "Wherever you find the Vietnamese, kill them". Today if I say that the American President said, "Wherever you find Vietnamese, kill them" without giving the context, I will make him sound like a butcher.

But if I quote him in context, that he said it during a war, it will sound very logical, as he was trying to boost the morale of the American soldiers during the war...

Habib

Answer by R. T.:

Indeed, it has been pointed out to me that the complete quote is:

"Fight and kill the disbelievers wherever you find them, take them captive, lie in wait and ambush them using every stratagem of war, but if they repent, establish regular prayers, and practice regular charity, then open the way for them, for God is oft-forgiving, Most Merciful."  The Qur'an (9:5)

Even in its complete form, the quote in the Qur'an is a terrible one. This reference to forced conversion under the threat of death in the Qur'an is a negation of basic human freedom of conscience and is therefore unacceptable.

By definition, any quote is out of context. But, if a verse cannot stand on its own, it should not be in the book.

Your reference to the American war in Vietnam hardly applies, because no leader could have issued a blanket order to kill Vietnamese because they were Vietnamese, even in time of war. This would have been tantamount to genocide, a crime severely punishable by international law.

If a religious book contains passages that can only apply in times of war, it should say so, in order for weak minds not to misinterpret them.

Mind you, there are a lot of similar appeals to violence in other religious books such as in the Jewish Torah and in the Christian Bible. As long as these passages are not clearly explained or expurgated, they will continue to be misinterpreted.

 

New

 

Could not Agree More

 

Posted, Tuesday, December 22, 2009 02:40 pm

 

Could not agree with Dr. Tremblay more.

My country is well on its way to being the worst racist shit disturber in history. It is forcing islam to be an enemy of it and it is succeeding.  it started with the creation of israel in muslim lands and continues with the support of the kosher nazis who rule israel and are now essentially controlling the US.  This gringo nazism and kosher nazism is going to kill several of our people, both in and out of uniform, in future generations

Mazdi,

 

New

 

Subtleties of Islam

 

Posted, Tuesday, December 22, 2009 01:58 pm

 

The complete quote should be:

"Fight and kill the disbelievers wherever you find them, take them captive, harass them, lie in wait and ambush them using every stratagem of war, but if they repent, establish regular prayers, and practice regular charity, then open the way for them, for God is oft-forgiving, Most Merciful."

The Qur'an (9:5), Islam's holy book

In this case, the reference to "if they repent" indicates clearly that this was a strong warning to prevent an existing or potential threat at the time, and certainly indicates that the purpose of the threat was to end the conflict peacefully and justly, and not to just wanting to kill indiscriminately.

There is no mention in the Qur'an that indicates any kind of indiscriminate killing under any circumstances, or against any particular race or group....

Hatem

Answer by R. T.:

I do not pretend to know all the subtleties of Islam, or of any religion for that matter. It is the responsibility of those who promote such religions to be clear in the messages they convey.

As to Islam, it is understandable that people can be confused as to its messages, especially when they witness suicide bombers killing innocents in many countries.

The deeply religious terrorist Osama bin Laden may have also contributed to this confusion when, after the terrorist acts of September 11, 2001, he explained the Islamic rationale behind the killing of thousands of innocent people with these words: “It is allowed for Muslims to kill protected ones among unbelievers in the event of an attack against them in which it is not possible to differentiate the protected ones from the combatants or from the strongholds. It is permissible to kill them incidentally and unintentionally according to the saying of the Prophet.”

That may be a fundamental problem with so-called “holy” books, when they can be interpreted according to one's immediate interests or intentions. What counts is the practice, not the pious theory.

 

New

 

“Useful Idiots”

 

Posted, Tuesday, December 22, 2009 12:25 pm

 

While fundamentalist Christian 'useful idiots' are largely antiIslamic, the big impetus comes from the industrial/financial/commercial oligarchs that reap the benefits of 'wars for fun (public catharsis) and profit'.

John,

Answer by R. T.:

Religion has often been a tool for the rich and powerful to use the “useful idiots” as you say to advance their interests.

This was true in the past and this is true today. This new American-led crusade is not different.

 

New

 

Question

 

Posted, Tuesday, December 22, 2009 10:27 am

 

Are you a Jesuit? Are you a Zionist? The obvious lack of Old Testaments quotes to a war like the God of Abraham defines all three religions in my mind. The Palestinian holocaust and genocide is proof that King Harrod is alive and well. The Christian crusades, inquisitions and murder of the Cathars address the politics of Empire. The Islamic crusades were fashioned by the other to brothers in this trio.

So perhaps, we must be fair and balanced about the causes of evil in this world and look to the profiteers among the ruling elite.

Lyn

Answer By R. T.:

I am neither. Usually, I only post three quotes at the beginning of my articles. This time, I had five.

In my coming book, “The Code for Global Ethics”, besides outlining the basic humanist principles, I have numerous Jewish, Christian and Islamic quotes you may appreciate.

Indeed, when I refered to a new crusade, I had the Papal crusades in mind, including the crusade against the Cathars in the south of France in the early 13th century.

 

New

 

Congratulation

 

Posted, Tuesday, December 22, 2009 08:04 am

 

Congratulation on excellent article !!!

Right on -on all counts. Presidents come & go but the invisible /unelected government is the controller ( Israel security is also a priority).

Eva

 

 

Back to blog